The effect of  social factors on community cohesion In the Syrian north Amid the host society and the IDPS ,2019

The humanitarian crisis in Syria continues to get worse each new year, putting more burden on people, in all aspects and sectors. The number of Syrians in need of help and basic services in 2019 AD reached nearly 11.7 million beneficiaries in various sectors (5.9 females, 5.8 males, 5 children, 1.3 people with special needs), 5 million of whom are in dire need of these services. The number of in need people in Idlib Governorate alone reached 1.63 million. This need includes sectors, such as: health, education, food security, early recovery and livelihoods, water and sanitation, and other sectors.

In December 2018, and following the stumbling of the Sochi negotiations, the regime returned to gradually taking over regions, as it was able with its allies, through fierce military operations and through reconciliation agreements, to control Eastern Ghouta, and then Qalamoun, Al-Dameer, Al-Raheeba and other areas of the Damascus countryside to displace hundreds of thousands of residents. The same thing took place in the northern countryside of Homs and then Daraa, and the "Response Coordinators in the North of Syria" group tracked the fate of about 50 thousand IDPS, and explained that they were distributed by 59% in Idlib, 6% in Hama, and 25% in Aleppo governorate. Since the recent battles of Idlib and the countryside of Aleppo, and during the period between November 2019 and the signing of the Russian-Turkish agreement on March 5, 2020, about one million 410 people were displaced and distributed to the camps in the Euphrates Shield and ghosn alzayton areas, in addition to safe villages towns.

The current situation indicates that out of the 4 million residing in northwestern Syria, there are approximately 2 million and 700 thousand IDPS, most of them are in need of humanitarian assistance. The new and old IDPs share the same urgent needs such as limited areas, the available residential places and their destroyed infrastructure by the ongoing conflicts, including schools, health facilities, bread bakeries, and a general scarcity of various services. The United Nations estimates that about half of the health facilities in Syria have either become inoperable or partially functional as a direct result of the hostilities. The protection of humanitarian and medical personnel also remained a major concern. More than one in three schools were damaged or destroyed.

The crisis has fundamentally affected the cooperation between Syrians in different and sometimes contradictory forms, as the conflict worsened the individuals’ suffering at all human, social and economic levels.

Despite the social solidarity that was evident at the beginning of the societal movement, the authoritarian forces politicization along with the use of armed force to subjugate society led to severe societal divisions together with the absence of controls and values. Later on, the economic and social situation worsened, and the gap between society and the dominant forces increased, which led to a return to pre-state ties, such as blood, ethnic and religious ties that weaken the groups and individuals social relations. Cooperation between individuals to solve problems has Retreated in most governorates, especially in areas which suffered from fighting, such as Raqqa, Idlib, Deir Ezzor, Daraa, Rural Damascus and Aleppo, or from a sharp division such as Hasaka. The level of cooperation between individuals has decreased significantly, especially in areas that have witnessed large displacements, which have been subjected to armed conflicts, systematic bombing and control of militant armed groups such as ISIS. Raqqa, for example, witnessed a major collapse in the level of cooperation between individuals during the crisis. It has also withdrawn in Hasaka, which is characterized by ethnic and national diversity, with the multiplicity of dominant forces and the disparity in the vision for the future, and some expressed that the level of cooperation decreased "as a result of the difference in viewpoints among the population and their division." Likewise, Idlib and Deir Ezzor have suffered catastrophically from armed conflict.

Factors such as religious and political background and human sympathy formed the basic grounds for local host communities acceptance of displaced people fleeing death who had nowhere else to turn. However, this does not mean that there are no social problems between the IDPs and the host communities, especially that the displaced themselves came as groups that carry their common values ​​and experience and not as individuals. The integration and social adjustment of groups is often more difficult than for individuals. While the old and new IDPs from different regions agree with residents in many needs and requirements, there is also diversity between the IDPs themselves and between them and the residents in terms of customs, traditions, interests, experiences, knowledge and professions. The IDPs not only brought their stuff to their new areas of residence, but also their customs, traditions, lifestyle and consumption patterns. They also brought their varied professions and experiences. In addition, many of the IDPs have preserved the institutions that represent them. There is still a council for the city of Aleppo and a council for the governorate of Damascus, as well as many military groups and factions. Many teams and organizations that used to serve the IDPs were able to reorganize themselves and maintain the support they receive and redirect them to the displaced, especially the organizations whose main offices are located in neighboring countries such as Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan and Iraqi Kurdistan.

These differences and challenges sometimes appear in the form of problems and conflicts. It is not uncommon in the Syrian society for individuals and groups to solve their problems through a set of established habits inherited through family, friends and neighbors, where notables, clerics, sheikhs, and prominent social figures of high social status intervene in solving problems and conflicts, as a stage preceding the process of resorting to the official judicial authorities that regulate common law in society. These customs and norms differ between rural and urban areas, and between different regions. This behavior reflects the pattern of networks and relationships that establish the structure of society, the nature of common relationships, norms and cultures prevailing in society.

The research works to study this participation impact on the needs and diversity of customs in light of the scarcity of resources and services on the relationship between the IDPs and residents and the opportunities and challenges resulting from them.